TD Ameritrade and Cryptocurrency: A New Frontier for Investors


Intro
The landscape of finance is rapidly changing, and at the heart of this transformation is the growing presence of cryptocurrency. Traditional brokerage firms, like TD Ameritrade, are stepping into the ring to explore this new frontier. Investors are keenly watching how such institutions adapt to the rise of digital currencies. This article aims to provide a well-rounded exploration of how TD Ameritrade intersects with the world of cryptocurrency, examining its implications for investors while also shedding light on emerging trends in this unique market.
Understanding Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrency, a term that has become increasingly mainstream, refers to digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology. The allure of cryptocurrencies comes not only from their potential for high returns but also from their ability to operate independently of central banks.
What is Cryptocurrency?
At its core, cryptocurrency is a form of digital money. Imagine if cash and stocks had a babyβthatβs cryptocurrency, in a nutshell. It allows for peer-to-peer transactions without needing a middleman like a bank or financial institution. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin are some well-known examples, each with their unique features and use cases.
Key Components of Cryptocurrency
When diving into the world of cryptocurrency, certain components are essential to understand:
- Blockchain: A distributed ledger technology that records all transactions across a network. It ensures transparency and security.
- Mining: The process of verifying transactions and adding them to a blockchain. Miners utilize powerful computers to solve complex mathematical problems.
- Wallets: Digital tools or software that allow users to store and manage their cryptocurrencies. They can be hardware-based or software-based.
- Tokens: Unlike cryptocurrencies, tokens are created over existing blockchains and can represent various assets or utilities.
Navigating the Market
Investing in cryptocurrency can be a rollercoaster ride. The highs can be exhilarating, but the lows can be gut-wrenching. Understanding how to navigate this market is crucial for maximizing potential returns and mitigating risks.
Investment Strategies and Tips
As with any investment, having a strategy is vital in the unpredictable world of cryptocurrencies. Here are some strategies to consider:
- Diversify Your Portfolio: Donβt put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your investments across different cryptocurrencies to minimize risk.
- Long-Term vs. Short-Term: Decide whether youβre in it for the long haul or looking to make quick profits. Both strategies have their pros and cons.
- Stay Informed: Keep abreast of market trends and news. This might be easier said than done, given the rapid pace of change, but it's crucial for making informed decisions.
Analyzing Market Trends
The cryptocurrency market is influenced by several factors:
- Regulatory Changes: Watch out for new regulations that can impact market dynamics.
- Technological Advances: Innovations in blockchain technology can lead to new investment opportunities.
- Market Sentiment: The mood of the market, driven by news and social media, greatly affects cryptocurrency prices.
"Investing in cryptocurrency is not just about having a hunch or a tip. Itβs about understanding the technology, the market, and your own risk tolerance."
As more platforms like TD Ameritrade begin to embrace cryptocurrencies, the landscape for investors is set to evolve dramatically. As we dive deeper into this analysis, the hope is to shine a light on how established institutions can lend credibility to the cryptocurrency space.
Overview of TD Ameritrade
Understanding TD Ameritrade is pivotal for grasping its role in the evolving shoals of cryptocurrency. As one of the major individuals in traditional brokerage, TD Ameritrade not only shapes investor perceptions but also adapts to the rapid changes within the crypto market. This section highlights the importance of TD Ameritradeβs history, its current standing in the financial world, and how this sets the stage for its integration with digital currencies.
Founding and Historical Background
TD Ameritrade was founded in 1975 by founders Joe Ricketts, who initially set off as a small brokerage. Growing from its grassroots, it substantially transformed the way individuals invest. The innovative spirit of the firm saw it pioneering the concept of online investing when many doubted its viability. Over the decades, TD Ameritrade has embraced technological advances, acquiring other brokerages like Thinkorswim in 2009, boosting its profile. Today, it stands tall as a formidable player in the investing landscape, claiming millions of client accounts and trillions in assets under management.
This rich history is relevant because it reflects TD Ameritradeβs ability to adapt, a characteristic that serves them well as they navigate the complexities introduced by cryptocurrency.
Current Market Position
Currently, TD Ameritrade ranks among the top American brokerage firms. They have developed a reputation built on trust and reliability. As of recent reports, within the crowded brokerage market, TD Ameritrade has carved out substantial market share, with its focus on both stock trading and emerging digital assets boosting its appeal.
Despite the rising competition from pure-play crypto exchanges like Coinbase, TD Ameritrade has successfully integrated crypto trading into its portfolio, allowing its customers to access Bitcoin and other digital currencies right alongside traditional investments.
This strategic positioning ensures that it not only caters to seasoned investors but also attracts millennials and younger investors who are keen on exploring cryptocurrency as part of their diversified financial strategies.
Ultimately, these dynamics contribute to the ongoing evolution of TD Ameritrade as it ventures deeper into the cryptocurrency waters, furthering its legacy while navigating new terrains.


Preamble to Cryptocurrency
In recent years, cryptocurrencies have become a buzzword in financial circles, often viewed through the lens of both innovation and speculation. The rise of these digital assets signifies not just a technological advancement but also a cultural shift in how we perceive value and investment. As TD Ameritrade ventures into the crypto landscape, understanding the foundational aspects of cryptocurrency becomes vital for investors navigating this newfound territory.
Cryptocurrencies offer unique benefits over traditional financial instruments. Unlike fiat currencies, which are controlled by governments and central banks, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks. This decentralization removes the need for intermediaries, providing users with greater autonomy over their funds. Additionally, many crypto assets exhibit high volatility, creating opportunities for substantial gains (albeit with increased risk). Thus, grasping the essence of cryptocurrency can equip investors with the tools to make informed decisions.
What Is Cryptocurrency?
At its core, cryptocurrency represents a form of digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. The most well-known example is Bitcoin, launched in 2009 by an anonymous figure (or group) known as Satoshi Nakamoto. What sets cryptocurrencies apart is their underlying technology, blockchain, which documents all transactions in a secure, transparent manner. This allows for verification without requiring a central authorityβsomething that traditional currencies heavily rely on.
Some of the popular cryptocurrencies beyond Bitcoin include Ethereum, known for its smart contract capabilities, and Ripple, which focuses on facilitating international money transfers. Many investors find the technology behind these coins as intriguing as the speculation surrounding their values.
The Evolution of Digital Assets
The journey of digital assets is nothing short of remarkable. Initially viewed with skepticism, peer-to-peer currencies gradually gained traction through grassroots movements and innovation. In the early days, cryptocurrencies appealed primarily to tech-savvy individuals and ideological supporters aiming for a decentralized future. However, over the last decade, cryptocurrencies have found their way into mainstream discussions, emerging as potential alternatives to traditional financial systems.
From the hacktivist organization Anonymous promoting Bitcoin as a means for financial freedom to substantial investments from institutional players like MicroStrategy, the narrative surrounding cryptocurrencies has transformed.
The 2020s witnessed skyrocketing interest, with entire industries sprouting around blockchain technology, including Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) platforms. Investors are now not just speculators but also participants in a budding ecosystem that could redefine finance as we know it.
"Cryptocurrency is the future, and those who understand its potential will lead the way."
With this understanding, TD Ameritrade's approach to cryptocurrency positions it at the intersection of traditional brokerage services and digital innovation. This evolution encourages investors to explore and leverage the opportunities presented by digital assets, ultimately paving the way for a more inclusive financial future.
TD Ameritrade's Adoption of Cryptocurrency
The world of finance is undergoing a seismic shift, especially with the intertwining of traditional investment platforms and cryptocurrency. TD Ameritrade, a key player in the brokerage industry, is not only observing this change but actively embracing it. The significance of TD Ameritrade's adoption of cryptocurrency lies not just in its open-mindedness towards new assets but also in the implications it has for a wide variety of investors ranging from novices to seasoned professionals.
Initial Offerings and Products
When TD Ameritrade first dipped its toes in the waters of cryptocurrency, the offerings were modest but meaningful. The introduction of products like Bitcoin futures was a huge step. This allowed traders to speculate on the future price of Bitcoin without owning it outright. Such products can add a layer of sophistication to an investor's portfolio, providing a new avenue to hedge against market volatility.
Plus, the platform soon announced live trading of Bitcoin, effectively breaking down barriers for potential investors who were wary of navigating the crypto maze alone. For those familiar with traditional assets, this move represented a comfortable bridge to dive into the digital currency world. Being able to trade Bitcoin alongside stocks and ETFs appeals greatly to those who appreciate the convenience of a single trading platform.
Some may argue that these initial offerings are just a drop in the bucket, but they represent a significant evolution in TD Ameritrade's strategy. Not only does this present a frontrunner position in a competitive market, but it also lays the groundwork for a deeper exploration of cryptocurrency products and solutions in the future.
Partnerships with Crypto Exchanges
To bolster its offerings, TD Ameritrade has also engaged in strategic partnerships with notable cryptocurrency exchanges. By collaborating with platforms like Coinbase and other well-established exchanges, TD Ameritrade can ensure a steady stream of data and liquidity for its users. This is valuable; it's like having a trusted friend in a new neighborhood who can guide you on which streets to avoid and where the best coffee is brewed.
These partnerships not only enhance the user experience by allowing access to a broader range of cryptocurrencies but also help mitigate the risks that come with trading such volatile assets. Imagine having a safety net, knowing that your investments are underpinned by a reliable infrastructure. Moreover, by fostering close relationships with these exchanges, TD Ameritrade can gain insights into emerging trends and potential pitfalls in the crypto landscape.
"In forging partnerships, TD Ameritrade recognizes that the future is collaborative, blending traditional finance with the innovation of cryptocurrencies."
In summary, the adoption of cryptocurrency by TD Ameritrade serves as a vital stepping stone towards integrating digital assets into mainstream investing. The initial offerings provide a glimpse of what's possible, while strategic partnerships ensure a more robust framework for current and future offerings. This evolution positions TD Ameritrade as a forward-thinking institution, paving the way for investors of all types to navigate the crypto frontier with a little less trepidation.
Impact on Investors
The integration of TD Ameritrade into the world of cryptocurrency represents a notable shift in how investors engage with digital assets. This section aims to clarify the significance of this intersection for investors navigating the complexities of both traditional and emerging financial systems. Understanding the impact on investors begins with recognizing the myriad ways TD Ameritrade's involvement with crypto can shape investment approaches and strategies.
Facilitating Crypto Investments
TD Ameritrade has shifted the landscape for investing in cryptocurrencies, breaking down barriers that previously stymied widespread adoption. The brokerage's decision to offer trading in Bitcoin and related assets allows a more significant number of retail investors to engage with digital currencies in a familiar environment, one they already trust for stocks or ETFs.
By integrating cryptocurrency into its platform, TD Ameritrade enables users to:
- Access Crypto with Ease: This accessibility lowers the entry threshold for investors who may not have been comfortable navigating the decentralized exchanges. Holding crypto alongside traditional investments in one place can simplify portfolio management.
- Leverage Robust Educational Resources: Educational tools and resources offered by TD Ameritrade can help investors make informed decisions. By learning about the essentials of crypto, including its volatility and market structure, they can engage more thoughtfully in this digital space.
- Utilize Flexible Trading Options: Investors can benefit from the various trading instruments TD Ameritrade provides, such as futures and options based on cryptocurrency prices. These tools allow for a diversified approach to crypto investments.


In essence, the brokerage makes the investment process less daunting, providing a clear path for those eager to join the digital currency wave.
Risks and Challenges
While the advantages are substantial, investors must remain vigilant about potential pitfalls associated with cryptocurrency trading. The volatility of these assets is not the only concern; a broader set of risks could impact investment strategies.
Key challenges include:
- Market Volatility: Cryptocurrencies are notoriously volatile. Prices can swing dramatically in very short timeframes. This unpredictability may cause undue stress for investors unused to such fluctuations.
- Regulatory Changes: The ever-evolving regulatory landscape adds another layer of uncertainty. TD Ameritrade and its users must stay informed about changes affecting crypto trading, which could impact both the regulations governing trading practices and the viability of certain coins and tokens.
- Security Concerns: Investing in digital assets raises questions about security. While TD Ameritrade is recognized for its strong security measures, the practices surrounding cryptocurrencyβparticularly in self-custodyβstill leave investors vulnerable to hacks or fraud.
"Navigating the world of cryptocurrency requires both insight and caution; the potential for considerable returns comes hand-in-hand with notable risks."
Each element discussed here serves as a reminder that while TD Ameritrade facilitates a unique entry point into crypto investments, investors must remain astutely aware, balancing their enthusiasm for these assets with the potential drawbacks.
Comparing Traditional Brokerage and Crypto Platforms
Understanding the nuances between traditional brokerage firms and cryptocurrency platforms is crucial for investors looking to navigate today's complex financial landscape. As TD Ameritrade charts its course through the digital currency waters, this comparative analysis highlights significant elements that set these two worlds apart.
Investors should be mindful of several key factors, such as user experience, interface design, transaction fees, and overall accessibility. The implications of these comparisons go beyond mere aesthetics or costs; they establish how effectively an investor can engage with their assets.
User Experience and Interface
The user experience (UX) within trading platforms can greatly impact an investor's ability to make informed decisions. Traditional brokerage platforms, like TD Ameritrade, have typically prioritised user-friendly interfaces enriched with data analytics and research tools. They cater to a broad audience, often easing inexperienced users into the investing process. Think of it as entering a library where every book is sorted, making it easy to find what you are looking for.
In contrast, cryptocurrency platforms can sometimes feel like an underground market. They're often laden with jargon, and their interfaces may cater more to the crypto-savvy crowd. For example, platforms like Binance or Coinbase offer a wealth of trading options, but their interfaces can overwhelm rookie traders unfamiliar with blockchain nuances.
Recognising this distinct difference, TD Ameritrade has embraced elements of both worlds by integrating intuitive features tailored for digital assets without sacrificing usability. By simplifying the trading experience for crypto enthusiasts and newcomers alike, they create an environment whereby investors can focus more on strategy than fumbling through confused interfaces.
"A streamlined interface can be the gateway for novice investors, bridging them into the intricate world of cryptocurrencies."
Transaction Fees and Costs
When it comes to investing, understanding transaction fees is essential. Traditional brokers generally charge commissions on trades, usually a percentage of the transaction amount. However, firms like TD Ameritrade have shifted towards a commission-free model for stocks and ETFs, enticing a new crowd into the market.
Conversely, cryptocurrency platforms often employ varied fee structures. For instance, fees may include trading fees, withdrawal fees, and network fees, which can add up quickly. Unlike the predictability that a traditional brokerage might offer, crypto fees can feel like navigating a maze. This unpredictability can lead to significant costs over time, especially for frequent traders.
For example, if you transfer Bitcoin from one wallet to another, you might encounter network fees that fluctuate based on market demand. This contrast creates a landscape where inexperienced investors may face hurdles unexpected from their traditional brokerage experiences.
To sum it up, while TD Ameritrade offers a straightforward fee structure backed by its reputation, crypto platforms vary widely, making it essential for investors to do their homework before diving in.
In the future, as both traditional and digital landscape converge, knowing the ins and outs of transaction fees will be pivotal for anyone serious about trade and investment.
Regulatory Environment
The regulatory environment around cryptocurrency and traditional finance won't win any popularity contests, but itβs a crucial facet to understand, especially when discussing the intersection between TD Ameritrade and cryptocurrency. Regulations are often seen as the heavy-handed hand of government, but they actually serve important purposes. They protect investors, maintain market integrity, and create a framework within which financial institutions can operate without veering off the rails.
Current Regulations Affecting TD Ameritrade
TD Ameritrade, like other brokerage firms, has to navigate a complex maze of regulations that shape its interactions with digital assets. The firm operates under rules set by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), and even the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), depending on the nature of the cryptocurrency products involved.
Currently, cryptocurrency is treated with a bit of skepticism. Many virtual currencies are classified as securities, which means that they fall under SEC regulations. This brings up a heap of compliance requirements that TD Ameritrade must adhere to when offering crypto-investment options. For example, there are stringent Know Your Customer (KYC) protocols in place. Investors are treated like potential lawbreakers until they prove themselves innocent. ID verification and transaction tracking are par for the course.
"Regulatory clarity in the cryptocurrency market could ultimately help instill investor confidence and drive overall growth in the sector."
In addition to these requirements, TD Ameritrade has to ensure that any cryptocurrency trading platforms they partner with are secure and comply with federal regulations. With the rise of hacks and scandals in this space, having a partner that plays by the rules is especially key.
Future Regulatory Trends


Regulatory trends in the cryptocurrency realm are like watching paint dryβslow but meaningful. Currently, there's a significant push for greater regulation, which many believe will provide a clearer framework for digital assets. In the near future, we might see regulations that might involve the establishment of comprehensive licensing requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges. This could potentially pave the way for more institutional players to dip their toes into the crypto waters.
Furthermore, discussions around central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are gaining traction. If established, these currencies could reshape the landscape of digital financial transactions significantly. They might bring together the best of both worlds: the innovation of cryptocurrencies and the regulatory stability of traditional currencies. In this context, TD Ameritrade will have to adapt its strategies swiftly to comply with new regulations.
Investors may look forward to seeing clearer rules on tax implications around trading cryptocurrencies as well. The IRS has been watching over cryptocurrency transactions like a hawk, and further guidelines could create opportunities for more savvy investing while ensuring compliance.
Navigating this regulatory minefield isn't just a hurdle for TD Ameritrade; it's a barometer for the future of cryptocurrency within traditional markets. Keeping a close eye on these regulations will ultimately influence how, when, and where TD Ameritrade looks to expand its offerings in the crypto space.
Customer Insights and Feedback
Understanding customer insights and feedback in the context of TD Ameritrade's engagement with cryptocurrency is paramount. This exploration not only illuminates how well the brokerage aligns its offerings with investor needs but also highlights how this evolving landscape shapes user sentiment and engagement.
User Adaptability to Crypto Features
When it comes to adapting to new features, users' ability to embrace cryptocurrency offerings from a traditional brokerage like TD Ameritrade reveals much about the demand for such services. As more investors venture into digital assets, they're looking for tools and features that make investing easy and understanding simple. Some key aspects of user adaptability include:
- Education and Resources: The more TD Ameritrade provides educational resources on cryptocurrencies, the more their users are likely to engage with these features. A well-informed investor is often more comfortable navigating new waters. The provision of easy-to-understand tutorials can facilitate a smooth transition for users.
- Interface Navigation: How intuitive the interface is in relation to cryptocurrency trading plays a crucial role. Users accustomed to traditional stocks may find crypto offerings puzzling at first. A seamless interface encourages exploration, helping them get their feet wet without feeling overwhelmed.
- Support and Community: Having responsive customer support and a vibrant community can also boost adaptability. Investors often seek validation from peers on social media or platforms like Reddit before making a plunge into unfamiliar territory. A brokerage recognized for its active community can foster a supportive environment for newcomers.
"The adaptability of users largely hinges on the education and support they receive from their brokerage, especially when diving into the complex world of cryptocurrencies."
Satisfaction Levels Among Investors
Satisfaction among investors utilizing TD Ameritradeβs crypto features provides valuable insight into the effectiveness of these offerings. Several factors play into satisfaction, including:
- Access to Diverse Crypto Investments: Investors are often satisfied when they can access a variety of cryptocurrencies beyond the mainstream ones, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. The inclusion of altcoins can appeal to those looking to diversify their portfolios.
- Volatility Management: Cryptocurrency is known for its volatility. If TD Ameritrade can effectively assist customers in managing this risk β whether through educational tools, portfolio assessments, or market insights β investors are likely to feel more secure.
- Transaction Transparency and Fees: Clarity around transaction fees is essential. If investors know exactly what they're getting into, they are usually more content with their trading decisions. Transparency breeds trust, a critical factor in customer satisfaction.
The Future of TD Ameritrade and Cryptocurrency
As digital currencies continue to disrupt traditional financial systems, the intersection of TD Ameritrade and cryptocurrencies is filled with potential and uncertainties. The relevant topic here is not merely about how TD Ameritrade adapts to the rising wave of cryptocurrency but how it can effectively harness this evolution to benefit both its business model and the investors it serves. As more users gravitate towards integrating crypto assets into their portfolios, understanding the strategies and future trajectories of established firms in this space becomes essential.
Investors are increasingly keen on having access to a well-rounded range of investment options, echoing the growing acceptance of cryptocurrencies as legitimate assets. The future of TD Ameritrade in this regard hinges on its ability to innovate and integrate effectively, potentially shaping new standards in the brokerage industry.
"The rise of cryptocurrencies is more than a trend; itβs a transformative moment for financial services."
Predictions for Market Trends
Looking ahead, several market trends seem poised to influence how TD Ameritrade and similar institutions engage with cryptocurrencies. One can anticipate a surge in demand for broader crypto offerings, especially as regulatory clarity enhances consumer confidence. Investors may increasingly seek products that blend traditional investing with digital assets, leading to
- Hybrid investment portfolios that strategically balance stocks, bonds, and cryptocurrencies.
- Increased educational resources provided by brokers to familiarize clients with digital currencies, their potential, and their risks.
- E-wallet integration alongside brokerage platforms, allowing for seamless transitions between fiat and crypto transactions.
The influence of institutional money entering the crypto space cannot be underestimated. As more traditional finance entities place significant bets on cryptocurrencies, this creates a snowball effect that could attract average investors who had earlier been skeptical. Over time, TD Ameritrade may become a recognizable name in crypto, just as it is known for traditional trading.
Possible Innovations and Developments
In anticipating the future of TD Ameritrade, itβs not just about adaptingβitβs about innovating. The evolving tech landscape offers fertile ground for various transformative developments. Though specifics can be speculative, some plausible innovations include:
- Enhanced trading platforms that incorporate advanced algorithms for crypto trading, providing users with data-driven insights and predictions.
- Smart contracts and blockchain technology that enhance the efficiency of trades while ensuring higher levels of transparency and security.
- Partnerships with blockchain-based companies for research and development, creating products that could lead the charge in hybrid financial innovations.
TD Ameritrade could also facilitate community engagement through platforms like Reddit, where investors share insights and strategies, allowing the firm to glean direct feedback on potential new offerings.
The nexus of traditional brokerage services and the burgeoning cryptocurrency scene presents an intricate landscape for TD Ameritrade. While the specific contours of this future are still being drawn, one thing is clear: investors, educators, and tech enthusiasts must remain vigilant, adapting to the rapid changes that shape the investment landscape.
Closure
In this section, we wrap up the discussions in the previous segments, drawing a clear picture of how TD Ameritrade's engagement with cryptocurrency has reshaped the narrative around digital assets within traditional bolstering spheres of finance. Highlighting the interface between well-established brokerage firms and the new world of digital currencies captures the essence of what this article set out to convey.
Cryptocurrency's allure isn't just its value but rather its transformative potential, a blend of risk and opportunity. Those who venture into this domain through a reliable platform like TD Ameritrade essentially straddle the line between conventional trading wisdom and innovative market practices. The importance lies not only in understanding the benefits, like diversification and access to new assets, but also recognizing the challenges that come with it, such as volatility, regulatory uncertainty, and technological risks.
Summarizing Key Takeaways
- Integration of Traditional and Digital Finance: TD Ameritrade depicts a case study on how brick-and-mortar investment firms are adapting to the onslaught of digital currencies, blurring the lines between classical investment avenues and modern cryptocurrencies.
- Investor Empowerment: Investors can leverage TD Ameritrade's established infrastructure to explore crypto assets, providing a layer of security and familiarity they might not experience with standalone crypto exchange platforms.
- Emerging Market Trends: Observing the evolving regulatory frameworks alongside crypto's growing popularity helps investors stay ahead of the curve, making informed decisions based on predicted shifts rather than being reactive.
Final Thoughts on Investment Opportunities
As we gaze into the horizon of the investment landscape, the convergence of TD Ameritrade and cryptocurrency is but a microcosm of the larger transformations afoot in financial practices. With innovations on the table, such as potential blockchain applications in trade settlements, the future looks rife with possibilities. Investors have to keep their finger on the pulse of market trends and regulatory changes. The integration of digital currencies could create avenues not previously envisaged, but this requires careful navigation.
The delicate balance between risk and reward will always be at the forefront in crypto investment. Wise investors, equipped with insights from reputable sources such as TD Ameritrade, can capitalize on opportunities while being mindful of potential pitfalls. The dance with cryptocurrencies is not merely a passing fancy; it embodies the future financial paradigm that investors must reckon with.